Q3 Earnings Report: While the Coin Price Cooled Off, Coinbase's Money-Making Machine Heated Up
On October 31, 2025, Coinbase released its Q3 financial report, right on time to inject a much-needed boost of confidence into the liquidity-starved crypto industry.
Total revenue was $18.7 billion, a 55% year-over-year increase and a 25% increase from the previous quarter. Net profit was $433 million, compared to just $75.5 million in the same period last year. Earnings per share were $1.50, surpassing analysts' expectations by 45%. Wall Street analysts applauded collectively, with J.P. Morgan upgrading its rating to Overweight last week, setting a target price of $404.
Just when many were expecting poor liquidity and lower-than-expected trading volume in the crypto space in the third quarter, Coinbase delivered a stellar performance, with consumer trading volume surging to $590 billion, a 37% increase from the previous quarter. Retail trading revenue reached $844 million.
In addition, Coinbase has been doubling down on Bitcoin. Through weekly dollar-cost averaging, it accumulated an additional $299 million worth of Bitcoin this quarter. As of now, its total Bitcoin holdings have reached 14,548 BTC.
CEO Brian Armstrong stated during the company's earnings call, "‘Everything Is Tradable’ is the core of the next phase we are building." Furthermore, Coinbase is integrating prediction markets, tokenized stocks, and other products into its platform.
Behind the idea of ‘Everything Is Tradable,’ Coinbase is no longer the custodian of cryptocurrency; it is transforming into a "crypto Apple ecosystem" that connects humanity and capital.
With this 14,548 BTC accumulation, what ambitions is Coinbase pursuing?
Wall Street's "Turnaround Thumbs Up": Base×USDC From Side Project to Cash Cow
Looking back from 2023 to the present, the stock price of the pioneer crypto exchange, Coinbase, has been like a roller coaster, climbing from a low of $30 to above $300 today, not by luck, but by walking on two legs: Base and USDC.
These two were originally considered "side projects," but now they have become cash cows, with Wall Street's turnaround praise coming fast and direct.

COIN Price Chart|Source: Tradingview
First, let's talk about J.P. Morgan's upgrade to "Overweight."
On October 24, analyst Kenneth Worthington plainly stated in a report, "Coinbase's valuation is undervalued, with the potential opportunity value of the Base token ranging from $120 billion to $340 billion."
Base is an Ethereum Layer 2 network incubated by Coinbase that, when launched in 2023, was just a "low-fee playground," but has since become a star.
How does this money come about? As an Optimistic Rollup, Base requires each transaction to be sequenced by a single sequencer for on-chain bundling. While the fees are low (average of $0.01 per transaction), the scale is staggering—daily transaction volume has exceeded 5 million transactions multiple times, doubling that of the mainnet. The Sequencer model has made fee revenue a strong cash flow source.

Base Sequencer Revenue | Image Source: Dune
Coinbase transfers all these fees to its own custody account, citing "security and auditing" reasons, but the community has criticized this as "centralized vampirism." The management responded at the earnings call that they will explore ecosystem revenue sharing in the future, such as returning some fees to developers or users, creating a positive feedback loop.
More anticipated is the potential native token of Base.
J.P. Morgan predicts that if Base issues a native token, its market cap could reach several billion dollars.
What can the token do? Stimulate usage elasticity, allow holders to participate in governance, stake to earn fee rewards, and even be used for gas fee discounts. With millions of daily active users and significant fee revenue elasticity, if the token is implemented, Base's transformation from a "cost center" to a "profit engine" is just around the corner.
Now, looking at USDC, this stablecoin is a joint venture between Coinbase and Circle.
The Q3 earnings report shows that the USDC market cap has reached an all-time high of $74 billion, with an average USDC balance on the Coinbase platform of $15 billion, a 9% increase MoM. The average USDC balance off the platform is $53 billion, a 12% increase MoM. Stablecoin revenue is $355 million, a 7% increase MoM.

Stablecoin Revenue and Blockchain Revenue | Image Source: Coinbase
Its revenue comes from a variety of sources: interest spread (USDC reserve invested in US Treasury bonds, earning a 4-5% yield), custody fees (Coinbase Prime offers institutional custody with a 0.1-0.2% cut), settlement fees (cross-border transfer fees), and merchant fees (integration into e-commerce platforms like Shopify, charging a 1% fee).
Why is USDC so profitable?
Due to its penetration in merchant and cross-border settlements. Management revealed that USDC has achieved a 15% penetration rate in cross-border payments, especially in emerging markets such as Latin America and Southeast Asia, where users utilize it to avoid foreign exchange fluctuations. For example, after Remitly and Wise integrated USDC, transfer costs decreased by 30%, with Coinbase getting a slice of the pie.
More crucially, USDC is transitioning from being a "store of value" to a "payment medium." Sell-side analysts mentioned that Coinbase may expand distribution, such as issuing an L2-exclusive variant of USDC or deep integration with DeFi protocols. Timeline? Management said, "It will be revealed in the first half of next year."
The synergy between Base and USDC is a game-changer. Base uses USDC as the native gas fee, reducing transaction costs to as low as $0.001, attracting the DeFi and NFT ecosystems. The essence applauded by Wall Street is seeing Coinbase shift from "volatility reliance" to "stable rent collection."
In the past, transaction revenue accounted for 80%, halving during bear markets; now, subscription services represent 40%, displaying strong countercyclicality.
Of course, risks still exist.
Regulation is a double-edged sword—the SEC's scrutiny of stablecoins is increasing, and Base's centralized sequencer could also attract attacks from "decentralization purists."
However, judging from the financial report, the management is confident: "We are not gambling in the market; we are building infrastructure." Coinbase has navigated the path from a side gig to a cash cow steadily and ambitiously.
Empire Continues to Expand
Coinbase's expansion is akin to the Roman Empire, advancing step by step, from an exchange to custody, and now to the primary market. In the Q3 financial report, the most eye-catching acquisition was the October 21 acquisition of the Echo blockchain financing platform for $375 million.
From issuance, listing, trading, and custody, Coinbase has anchored its ecosystem with six pillars, propelling itself toward being the "crypto Apple," where developers come and don't want to leave, institutions enter and can't escape, and users rely on it.
Let's first talk about the technical infrastructure, the cornerstone of Coinbase's empire.
Base Chain is not just another Layer 2 but Coinbase's "iOS," compatible with the Ethereum ecosystem but under its own core control.
Leading protocols like Aave and Uniswap have already onboarded, but the value of Base lies in its "App Store" attribute. Through the acquisition of Spindl (an on-chain advertising attribution tool), Coinbase can track user sources, behavior conversion, similar to the App Store's recommendation mechanism, controlling traffic distribution. Do developers want to acquire users? They must use Spindl, and Coinbase decides who makes it to the top of the recommendation list based on this.
The acquisition of Iron Fish fills the privacy gap. Under high regulatory pressure, Base integrated zero-knowledge proofs, balancing compliance with user privacy, emulating Apple's privacy protection strategy. More importantly, Base has a direct connection to Coinbase's 100 million users, with developers reaching massive traffic as soon as they go online, giving it a competitive edge that Arbitrum or Polygon find hard to match.
The capital formation system is the second pillar, with Echo's acquisition being the highlight.
Echo is an on-chain capital inheritance platform founded by renowned crypto trader Cobie and has the Sonar public fundraising tool under its umbrella. Echo has helped raise over $200 million for more than 300 projects, such as the XPL token sale for Plasma.
Why did Coinbase take an interest in it?
Because primary issuance is the "upstream source" of Crypto. The traditional VC model is closed, making it difficult for retail investors to participate; Echo allows projects to raise funds directly from the community, covering both private and public sales comprehensively. The acquisition price is $3.75 billion (cash + stock), a small amount compared to Coinbase's $70 billion market value, but of immense strategic value as it fills Coinbase's "capital formation" gap.

Echo Fundraising Volume Trend Chart | Source: Dune
The integration roadmap is already taking shape. Echo will be embedded in the Coinbase ecosystem, using Coinbase's compliance framework for issuance approvals (KYC/AML), leveraging Base's transparent ledger for disclosures, connecting to the Coinbase Exchange for secondary market making, and seamlessly integrating custody into Prime. The initial issuance categories will focus on crypto tokens, with a target volume of $1 billion by Q1 next year.
For institutions, Coinbase is rolling out a settlement toolkit, offering real-time settlement and data APIs; for developers, Sonar will upgrade to support privacy-enhanced fundraising (utilizing zero-knowledge proofs to avoid sensitive disclosures). The on-chain crowdfunding platform founded by KOL Cobie has already raised $51 million, completing 131 transactions. The first project, Ethena's USDe stablecoin, has seen rapid growth, demonstrating its potential.
Echo's Sonar tool enables founders to self-custody token sales, reviving the ICO model from 2017. However, the landscape has changed significantly since then with the GENIUS Act providing legal support and a clear regulatory framework. Coinbase has officially stated that starting from crypto token sales, it will expand to tokenized securities and real-world assets (RWA).
This ambition is far-reaching, involving not just Crypto, but the financialization of everything, from stocks and real estate to art on-chain issuance.
Filling in the puzzle is Liquifi's acquisition, providing token full lifecycle management — issuance, distribution, locking, and liquidity. Echo manages "who can be funded," Liquifi manages "how to operate," forming a closed loop.
The institutional market is the third pillar. Deribit's acquisition is a milestone in crypto history, acquiring the world's largest derivatives exchange for $2.9 billion, with institutional clients accounting for 70% and daily volumes in the tens of billions. While Coinbase was previously retail-focused and weak in derivatives, it has now filled the gap, significantly increasing options depth and futures liquidity.
This mirrors Goldman Sachs' investment banking + retail dual-wheel model. Institutions are not just for trading but also become Base/USDC seed users. Management revealed that after Deribit integration, the cross-selling rate reached 40%, with institutions expanding from derivatives into custody and clearing.
Retail entry is the fourth pillar. Coinbase's credit card is not just a payment tool but the ecosystem's "final link."
In partnership with AmEx, with a high-end positioning, users' average monthly spending is $3,000, above the average. They receive 2-4% Bitcoin cashback pegged to platform assets, holding more and at a higher proportion.
Deeper is the data, where spending habits are used for targeted marketing, recommending NFTs or DeFi. This model creates a closed-loop effect where users receive cashback from card spending, invest the cashback amount in Base, receive even higher cashback, further stimulating more spending. With regulatory backing, this bridges fiat and crypto, lowering the threshold.
Content ecosystem is the fifth pillar. On October 20, Coinbase spent $25 million to buy NFTs, relaunching the UpOnly podcast — a bull market divine show hosted by Cobie/Ledger. This is no coincidence, as they are both part of the Cobie network.
This is a cultural foothold, where UpOnly spreads ideas and products, enhancing community influence. Coinbase does not control advertising/creation, purely community tribute, sparking discussions. Combined with Echo, it forms a "content + capital" dual-wheel, with the podcast showcasing projects, and Echo following up on funding. Future expansion into an Apple TV+ style service, content becoming a sticky engine.
Regulatory moat is the sixth pillar. Coinbase's domestic listing falls under SEC jurisdiction, with licenses in multiple states. Following the GENIUS Act, its stock price rose by 30%, highlighting the compliance advantage of USDC. Traditional institutions are favoring this, with the JPMorgan partnership enabling Chase points to be converted to Crypto. This barrier is high — Binance/OKX offshore are under pressure, and newcomers find it difficult to penetrate. Similar to App Store reviews, strict in the short term, ensuring quality in the long term.
These pillars are not isolated but form a closed loop. Developers leverage Echo/Liquifi for funding, deploy on Base, acquire customers through Spindl, gain exposure via UpOnly, trade on Deribit for institutions, custody with Prime, enable retail credit card spending, and optimize data loops.
Coinbase is not just acquiring companies; it is weaving a web—spanning from issuance to trading, from technology to culture, building a crypto "Apple Empire".
Setting the Stage for the Next Era
If Base and USDC are the cash cows of the present, the x402 Foundation is Coinbase's bold bet on the future.
Imagine a 30-year-old dusty HTTP code suddenly awakening to become the bridge connecting humanity and the machine economy.
This is not a work of science fiction but a real-life drama that unfolded on September 23rd. Coinbase, in collaboration with Cloudflare, established the x402 Foundation. Meanwhile, Google's AP2 protocol advances hand in hand, transforming the HTTP 402 "Payment Required" status code into a native machine payment process.
The story begins with a clear onboarding path. In Coinbase's ecosystem, Base acts as an efficient toll booth operator, facilitating low-fee settlements at just $0.001 per transaction. USDC plays the role of a frictionless universal currency, eliminating exchange rate barriers. Custody, as the guardian of institutional-grade security, handles all custody.
At the protocol's core is the revival of HTTP 402, a long-dormant code now reborn as the "highway" for AI payments. Picture an AI agent crawling Cloudflare's CDN data, encountering a 402 response mid-route. Instead of halting, it automatically initiates a USDC payment, swiftly confirms it, and continues forward to access content—all without human intervention.
The lineup of collaborators shines brightly, with initial partners including Google (introducing AP2), Adyen, Paypal, Mastercard, Etsy, and ServiceNow, among other developer platforms.
The pilot phase has commenced, with Cloudflare's Agents SDK being the first to integrate x402. It is currently undergoing private testing in "pay per crawl" mode, where AI crawlers voraciously access a vast number of pages, settling fees on a daily basis.
Google's AP2 extends x402, supporting hybrid payments with credit cards and stablecoins, with the first batch of B2B procurement pilots landing on the Cloud Marketplace involving Intuit and Salesforce.
Coinbase plays the role of a Crypto "bridge architect" here: x402 settles through Base, and AP2's Mandates (digital contracts) act as smart sentinels, ensuring that every step of authorization and auditing is watertight.
Why does AI need this "payment script"? Because AI agents are about to "learn to spend money for you."
Currently, AIs like ChatGPT are still in the era of human-initiated checkout and payment. However, in the future, they will engage in autonomous shopping or subscription services, requiring a reliable payment framework.
AP2's Intent/Cart Mandates act as a plot twist against fraud, allowing users to pre-sign budgets, agents to generate carts, and the entire chain of events to be traceable.
x402 then injects Crypto with instant settlement's "climax," using stablecoins to bypass bank delays. Gartner predicts that the AI payment market will skyrocket to trillions of dollars by 2030, with Crypto accounting for 10%.
For Coinbase, the result of this story is Base benefiting from low-fee dividends.
Epilogue
Ten years ago, Coinbase started out by matching human trades, once even fundraising in China, experiencing ups and downs.
Ten years later, it appears more like it laid the groundwork underground, with Base managing settlements, low fees, and efficiency; USDC managing clearing, ensuring stability; Echo managing issuance, positioning upstream; and x402 connecting to the "money-spending machine" remotely.
This Q3 financial report is a milestone, with total revenue of $18.7 billion and net profit of $4.33 billion. However, behind these figures lies an imperial blueprint—from volatility dependence to stable rent income; from exchanges to full-stack hubs.
The future of crypto is not about gambling on prices; it's about building infrastructure. Coinbase's ambition, much like Rome's road network, connects everything. In the next decade, when AI agents are ubiquitous, Coinbase may already be the "digital Fed."
But do not forget, every empire's expansion faces frontiers—regulation, competition, black swans. Investors, hold onto your chips; the show has just begun.
-END-




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China's Central Bank and Eight Other Departments' Latest Regulatory Focus: Key Attention to RWA Tokenized Asset Risk
Foreword: Today, the People's Bank of China's website published the "Notice of the People's Bank of China, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration for Market Regulation, China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, China Securities Regulatory Commission, State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Further Preventing and Dealing with Risks Related to Virtual Currency and Others (Yinfa [2026] No. 42)", the latest regulatory requirements from the eight departments including the central bank, which are basically consistent with the regulatory requirements of recent years. The main focus of the regulation is on speculative activities such as virtual currency trading, exchanges, ICOs, overseas platform services, and this time, regulatory oversight of RWA has been added, explicitly prohibiting RWA tokenization, stablecoins (especially those pegged to the RMB). The following is the full text:
To the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps:
Recently, there have been speculative activities related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, disrupting the economic and financial order and jeopardizing the property security of the people. In order to further prevent and address the risks related to virtual currency and Real-World Assets tokenization, effectively safeguard national security and social stability, in accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the People's Bank of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Commercial Banks," "Securities Law of the People's Republic of China," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Securities Investment Funds," "Law of the People's Republic of China on Futures and Derivatives," "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Renminbi," "Regulations on Prevention and Disposal of Illegal Fundraising," "Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Foreign Exchange Administration," "Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China," and other provisions, after reaching consensus with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and with the approval of the State Council, the relevant matters are notified as follows:
(I) Virtual currency does not possess the legal status equivalent to fiat currency. Virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ether, Tether, etc., have the main characteristics of being issued by non-monetary authorities, using encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technology, existing in digital form, etc. They do not have legal tender status, should not and cannot be circulated and used as currency in the market.
The business activities related to virtual currency are classified as illegal financial activities. The exchange of fiat currency and virtual currency within the territory, exchange of virtual currencies, acting as a central counterparty in buying and selling virtual currencies, providing information intermediary and pricing services for virtual currency transactions, token issuance financing, and trading of virtual currency-related financial products, etc., fall under illegal financial activities, such as suspected illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public issuance of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, etc., are strictly prohibited across the board and resolutely banned in accordance with the law. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to provide virtual currency-related services to domestic entities in any form.
A stablecoin pegged to a fiat currency indirectly fulfills some functions of the fiat currency in circulation. Without the consent of relevant authorities in accordance with the law and regulations, any domestic or foreign entity or individual is not allowed to issue a RMB-pegged stablecoin overseas.
(II)Tokenization of Real-World Assets refers to the use of encryption technology and distributed ledger or similar technologies to transform ownership rights, income rights, etc., of assets into tokens (tokens) or other interests or bond certificates with token (token) characteristics, and carry out issuance and trading activities.
Engaging in the tokenization of real-world assets domestically, as well as providing related intermediary, information technology services, etc., which are suspected of illegal issuance of token vouchers, unauthorized public offering of securities, illegal operation of securities and futures business, illegal fundraising, and other illegal financial activities, shall be prohibited; except for relevant business activities carried out with the approval of the competent authorities in accordance with the law and regulations and relying on specific financial infrastructures. Overseas entities and individuals are not allowed to illegally provide services related to the tokenization of real-world assets to domestic entities in any form.
(III) Inter-agency Coordination. The People's Bank of China, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of virtual currency-related illegal financial activities.
The China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other departments, will improve the work mechanism, strengthen coordination with the Cyberspace Administration of China, the Supreme People's Court, and the Supreme People's Procuratorate, coordinate efforts, and overall guide regions to carry out risk prevention and disposal of illegal financial activities related to the tokenization of real-world assets.
(IV) Strengthening Local Implementation. The people's governments at the provincial level are overall responsible for the prevention and disposal of risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets in their respective administrative regions. The specific leading department is the local financial regulatory department, with participation from branches and dispatched institutions of the State Council's financial regulatory department, telecommunications regulators, public security, market supervision, and other departments, in coordination with cyberspace departments, courts, and procuratorates, to improve the normalization of the work mechanism, effectively connect with the relevant work mechanisms of central departments, form a cooperative and coordinated working pattern between central and local governments, effectively prevent and properly handle risks related to virtual currencies and the tokenization of real-world assets, and maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(5) Enhanced Risk Monitoring. The People's Bank of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Ministry of Public Security, State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Cyberspace Administration of China, and other departments continue to improve monitoring techniques and system support, enhance cross-departmental data analysis and sharing, establish sound information sharing and cross-validation mechanisms, promptly grasp the risk situation of activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization. Local governments at all levels give full play to the role of local monitoring and early warning mechanisms. Local financial regulatory authorities, together with branches and agencies of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, as well as departments of cyberspace and public security, ensure effective connection between online monitoring, offline investigation, and fund tracking, efficiently and accurately identify activities related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly share risk information, improve early warning information dissemination, verification, and rapid response mechanisms.
(6) Strengthened Oversight of Financial Institutions, Intermediaries, and Technology Service Providers. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing account opening, fund transfer, and clearing services for virtual currency-related business activities, issuing and selling financial products related to virtual currency, including virtual currency and related financial products in the scope of collateral, conducting insurance business related to virtual currency, or including virtual currency in the scope of insurance liability. Financial institutions (including non-bank payment institutions) are prohibited from providing custody, clearing, and settlement services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related business and related financial products. Relevant intermediary institutions and information technology service providers are prohibited from providing intermediary, technical, or other services for unauthorized real-world asset tokenization-related businesses and related financial products.
(7) Enhanced Management of Internet Information Content and Access. Internet enterprises are prohibited from providing online business venues, commercial displays, marketing, advertising, or paid traffic diversion services for virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities. Upon discovering clues of illegal activities, they should promptly report to relevant departments and provide technical support and assistance for related investigations and inquiries. Based on the clues transferred by the financial regulatory authorities, the cyberspace administration, telecommunications authorities, and public security departments should promptly close and deal with websites, mobile applications (including mini-programs), and public accounts engaged in virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization-related business activities in accordance with the law.
(8) Strengthened Entity Registration and Advertisement Management. Market supervision departments strengthen entity registration and management, and enterprise and individual business registrations must not contain terms such as "virtual currency," "virtual asset," "cryptocurrency," "crypto asset," "stablecoin," "real-world asset tokenization," or "RWA" in their names or business scopes. Market supervision departments, together with financial regulatory authorities, legally enhance the supervision of advertisements related to virtual currency and real-world asset tokenization, promptly investigating and handling relevant illegal advertisements.
(IX) Continued Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities. The National Development and Reform Commission, together with relevant departments, strictly controls virtual currency mining activities, continuously promotes the rectification of virtual currency mining activities. The people's governments of various provinces take overall responsibility for the rectification of "mining" within their respective administrative regions. In accordance with the requirements of the National Development and Reform Commission and other departments in the "Notice on the Rectification of Virtual Currency Mining Activities" (NDRC Energy-saving Building [2021] No. 1283) and the provisions of the "Guidance Catalog for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2024 Edition)," a comprehensive review, investigation, and closure of existing virtual currency mining projects are conducted, new mining projects are strictly prohibited, and mining machine production enterprises are strictly prohibited from providing mining machine sales and other services within the country.
(X) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal Financial Activities. Upon discovering clues to illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets, local financial regulatory authorities, branches of the State Council's financial regulatory authorities, and other relevant departments promptly investigate, determine, and properly handle the issues in accordance with the law, and seriously hold the relevant entities and individuals legally responsible. Those suspected of crimes are transferred to the judicial authorities for processing according to the law.
(XI) Severe Crackdown on Related Illegal and Criminal Activities. The Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration for Market Regulation, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, as well as judicial and procuratorial organs, in accordance with their respective responsibilities, rigorously crack down on illegal and criminal activities related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, such as fraud, money laundering, illegal business operations, pyramid schemes, illegal fundraising, and other illegal and criminal activities carried out under the guise of virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, etc.
(XII) Strengthen Industry Self-discipline. Relevant industry associations should enhance membership management and policy advocacy, based on their own responsibilities, advocate and urge member units to resist illegal financial activities related to virtual currency and the tokenization of real-world assets. Member units that violate regulatory policies and industry self-discipline rules are to be disciplined in accordance with relevant self-regulatory management regulations. By leveraging various industry infrastructure, conduct risk monitoring related to virtual currency, the tokenization of real-world assets, and promptly transfer issue clues to relevant departments.
(XIII) Without the approval of relevant departments in accordance with the law and regulations, domestic entities and foreign entities controlled by them may not issue virtual currency overseas.
(XIV) Domestic entities engaging directly or indirectly in overseas external debt-based tokenization of real-world assets, or conducting asset securitization activities abroad based on domestic ownership rights, income rights, etc. (hereinafter referred to as domestic equity), should be strictly regulated in accordance with the principles of "same business, same risk, same rules." The National Development and Reform Commission, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, and other relevant departments regulate it according to their respective responsibilities. For other forms of overseas real-world asset tokenization activities based on domestic equity by domestic entities, the China Securities Regulatory Commission, together with relevant departments, supervise according to their division of responsibilities. Without the consent and filing of relevant departments, no unit or individual may engage in the above-mentioned business.
(15) Overseas subsidiaries and branches of domestic financial institutions providing Real World Asset Tokenization-related services overseas shall do so legally and prudently. They shall have professional personnel and systems in place to effectively mitigate business risks, strictly implement customer onboarding, suitability management, anti-money laundering requirements, and incorporate them into the domestic financial institutions' compliance and risk management system. Intermediaries and information technology service providers offering Real World Asset Tokenization services abroad based on domestic equity or conducting Real World Asset Tokenization business in the form of overseas debt for domestic entities directly or indirectly venturing abroad must strictly comply with relevant laws and regulations. They should establish and improve relevant compliance and internal control systems in accordance with relevant normative requirements, strengthen business and risk control, and report the business developments to the relevant regulatory authorities for approval or filing.
(16) Strengthen organizational leadership and overall coordination. All departments and regions should attach great importance to the prevention of risks related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization, strengthen organizational leadership, clarify work responsibilities, form a long-term effective working mechanism with centralized coordination, local implementation, and shared responsibilities, maintain high pressure, dynamically monitor risks, effectively prevent and mitigate risks in an orderly and efficient manner, legally protect the property security of the people, and make every effort to maintain economic and financial order and social stability.
(17) Widely carry out publicity and education. All departments, regions, and industry associations should make full use of various media and other communication channels to disseminate information through legal and policy interpretation, analysis of typical cases, and education on investment risks, etc. They should promote the illegality and harm of virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses and their manifestations, fully alert to potential risks and hidden dangers, and enhance public awareness and identification capabilities for risk prevention.
(18) Engaging in illegal financial activities related to virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization in violation of this notice, as well as providing services for virtual currencies and Real World Asset Tokenization-related businesses, shall be punished in accordance with relevant regulations. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law. For domestic entities and individuals who knowingly or should have known that overseas entities illegally provided virtual currency or Real World Asset Tokenization-related services to domestic entities and still assisted them, relevant responsibilities shall be pursued according to the law. If it constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be pursued according to the law.
(19) If any unit or individual invests in virtual currencies, Real World Asset Tokens, and related financial products against public order and good customs, the relevant civil legal actions shall be invalid, and any resulting losses shall be borne by them. If there are suspicions of disrupting financial order and jeopardizing financial security, the relevant departments shall deal with them according to the law.
This notice shall enter into force upon the date of its issuance. The People's Bank of China and ten other departments' "Notice on Further Preventing and Dealing with the Risks of Virtual Currency Trading Speculation" (Yinfa [2021] No. 237) is hereby repealed.

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The AI trading competition landscape offers distinct paths for growth. The WEEX AI Trading Hackathon differentiates itself through its focus on real-market execution and practical viability, positioning it as a key platform for aspiring quantitative traders and strategists.
Is AI Trading Replacing Humans? WEEX Hackathon Reveals the Future of Fintech
The WEEX AI Trading Hackathon reveals that the future of trading is not about AI replacing humans, but about collaboration. AI enhances trading capabilities, while human judgment, ethics, and strategic oversight remain essential.